Environmental Routes

"Waterborne infections are particularly common in parts of the world where large numbers of people do not have access to clean drinking water or safe disposal of sewage. Infected urine and feces from humans and animals can wash into lakes and streams, where the pathogens multiply and re-infect people when they drink or bathe in contaminated water. Some pathogens, including the bacteria that cause cholera, live naturally in environmental water sources, so they will always pose a threat to health. Fecal-oral infections occur when pathogens from feces enter the mouth and multiply in the gut. Transmission occurs when unclean hands, dirty cooking utensils or food contaminated by feces enters the mouth. Flies can transfer pathogens from feces to food via their feet. Contact with feces is unavoidable when people are forced to defecate in the open because there is no sanitation. In these cases, people can get contaminated soil on their hands and the pathogens are easily transmitted from hand to mouth if there is no clean water or soap for hand washing. Diarrheal diseases are often transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and some, such as cholera, are mainly waterborne. They may also be due to foodborne infections caused by pathogens that originated in food components, for example, pathogenic bacteria in raw meat, eggs and on salad leaves. Non-living objects in the environment, such as cups, spoons and door handles that people routinely touch, can also transmit infection and are known collectively as fomites. Clothing can also act as a fomite, which is why hospital doctors rarely wear neckties that could drape across a patient during a medical examination and pick up infection that the next patient might acquire. Medical procedures can also transmit bloodborne infections; for example, before the transmission of HIV was understood, thousands of infections occurred from HIV-contaminated blood transfusions. Bloodborne pathogens can also spread via shared needles and syringes among people who inject illegal drugs, such as heroin."