Statistical Analysis

") were cross-reference and validated with the marker genes from CellMarker 2.0 34 and Tabula Muris Senis 35 databases. To evaluate and compare the enrichment of the NK cell signature between mAb pre-treatments, we calculated gene set enrichment scores for each spatial transcriptomic spot using the “Ucell” package (v2.4.0) 37. Statistical differences in module scores between treatment groups were subsequently determined using the two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed on the marker genes for each cluster using the g:profiler2 package (v0.2.3) 38. The results in Figs. 1, 3 and Supplementary Fig. 3 are presented as the mean ± SEM to indicate the precision of the sample mean. The data in Fig. 1c and 1f were fit with linear regression to show the correlation coefficients and the p-values were calculated using GraphPad Prism software (v10.0.3). The data in Fig. 1d and 1e were analyzed by a two-tailed Student’s t test. The data in Fig. 3g were analyzed by one-way ANOVA to compare the protective efficacy of the prophylactic treatment of the indicated mAbs against their LALA forms or PBS in the infected hamsters. The results in Fig. 3j were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t test. The statistical significance of data in Fig. 6a and 6d was evaluated by paired t-test to minimize inter-donor variability among PBMC samples. The curves in Supplementary Fig. 3d and 3e were fit in nonlinear regression using GraphPad Prism software (v10.0.3). p < 0.05 was regarded as the statistical significance. Cell sorting of S protein recognizing B cells and cloning of human monoclonal antibody, ELISA to examine the binding of convalescent plasma or mAb to the protein of FL S or S subunit, Bio-layer interferometry, and quantification of viral titers in lung tissue using the TCID₅₀ or plaque assay were described in Supplementary Methods."