"Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious, preventable public health problem that affects millions of Americans. The term “intimate partner violence” describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy. The goal is to stop IPV before it begins. Strategies that promote healthy behaviors in relationships are important, and programs that teach young people skills for dating can prevent violence in dating relationships before it occurs. IPV can vary in frequency and severity. It occurs on a continuum, ranging from one episode that might or might not have lasting impact to chronic and severe episodes over a period of years.\n\nThere are four main types of IPV. Physical violence is the intentional use of physical force with the potential for causing death, disability, injury, or harm. Physical violence includes, but is not limited to, scratching; pushing; shoving; throwing; grabbing; biting; choking; shaking; aggressive hair pulling; slapping; punching; hitting; burning; use of a weapon; and use of restraints or one’s body, size, or strength against another person. Physical violence also includes coercing other people to commit any of the above acts.\n\nSexual violence is divided into five categories. Any of these acts constitute sexual violence, whether attempted or completed. These acts occur without the victim’s freely given consent, including cases in which the victim is unable to consent due to being too intoxicated through voluntary or involuntary use of alcohol or drugs. Rape or penetration of a victim includes completed or attempted, forced or alcohol/drug-facilitated unwanted vaginal, oral, or anal insertion. Forced penetration occurs through the perpetrator’s use of physical force against the victim or threats to physically harm the victim. Victim was made to penetrate someone else includes completed or attempted, forced or alcohol/drug-facilitated incidents when the victim was made to sexually penetrate a perpetrator or someone else without the victim’s consent. Non-physically pressured unwanted penetration includes incidents in which the victim was pressured verbally or through intimidation or misuse of authority to consent or acquiesce to being penetrated. Unwanted sexual contact includes intentional touching of the victim or making the victim touch the perpetrator, either directly or through clothing, on the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks without the victim’s consent. Non-contact unwanted sexual experiences include unwanted sexual events that are not physical and occur without the victim’s consent, such as unwanted exposure to sexual situations, verbal or behavioral sexual harassment, threats of sexual violence to accomplish some other end, and unwanted filming, taking, or disseminating photographs of a sexual nature of another person.\n\nStalking is a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention and contact that causes fear or concern for one’s own safety or the safety of someone else, such as a family member or friend. Examples include repeated, unwanted phone calls, emails, or texts; leaving cards, letters, flowers, or other items when the victim does not want them; watching or following from a distance; spying; approaching or showing up in places when the victim does not want to see them; sneaking into the victim’s home or car; damaging the victim’s personal property; harming or threatening the victim’s pet; and making threats to physically harm the victim.\n\nPsychological aggression is the use of verbal and non-verbal communication with the intent to harm another person mentally or emotionally, and/or to exert control over another person. Psychological aggression can include expressive aggression, such as name-calling and humiliating; coercive control, such as limiting access to transportation, money, friends, and family or excessive monitoring of whereabouts; threats of physical or sexual violence; control of reproductive or sexual health, such as refusal to use birth control or coerced pregnancy termination; exploitation of a victim’s vulnerability, such as immigration status or disability; exploitation of the perpetrator’s vulnerability; and presenting false information to the victim with the intent of making them doubt their own memory or perception, such as mind games."