"By contrast, health problems that cannot be transmitted between individuals, such as heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, arthritis and depression, are known as non-communicable diseases (or NCDs). However, a few NCDs also have an infectious component, for example: in most cases of cervical cancer there is evidence of infection with a specific virus (the human papilloma virus, or HPV); hepatitis viruses cause liver disease and cancer of the liver; and a bacterium (Helicobacter pylori) causes stomach ulcers. These examples illustrate the point that there is some overlap between some infectious and non-communicable diseases."