"AI applications are also showing promise in predicting when and where in the body cancer will spread and whether it will come back. For example, a recent study showed that ML models predicted aggressive properties of brain tumors from MRI scans of patients, a task that even experienced radiologists have difficulty performing consistently, offering a noninvasive way to identify patients with brain metastases earlier and inform treatment decisions based on likely tumor behavior (1044)Najafian K, et al. (2024) Neurooncol Adv, 6: vdae200..\n\nAs another example, researchers have recently developed a fully automated AI system that detects and classifies bone metastases on CT scans with high sensitivity and accuracy. The model significantly reduced the time radiologists need to accurately diagnose bone metastases, while improving detection rates, demonstrating its potential to support routine cancer staging and early identification of metastases (1045)Zhang Y, et al. (2025) Nat Commun, 16: 4444.. Similarly, ML models were able to predict when and where breast cancer was likely to spread, including both local recurrences and distant metastases, thus informing prognosis and helping to guide treatment decisions (1046)Kovacs KA, et al. (2025) Sci Rep, 15: 4868.. These models offer a new approach to risk assessment and enable the selection of patients who may benefit from more intensive systemic treatments."