"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive form of bladder cancer in which the tumor grows into the muscle layer of the bladder wall. Because of its higher risk of spreading beyond the bladder, patients are often given chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor and eliminate cancer cells that may have spread. However, not all patients respond to this treatment, which can cause serious side effects. Researchers have recently developed a DL model that integrates tumor images and gene expression data to predict how patients will respond to chemotherapy. The model accurately identified patients likely to benefit from treatment and revealed key molecular and visual features of tumors associated with treatment response (1058)Bai Z, et al. (2025) NPJ Digit Med, 8: 174.. This approach may help tailor treatment plans for patients with MIBC and reduce unnecessary exposure to toxic therapies.\n\nAI is also being used to predict which patients will respond favorably to immunotherapy. In a recent multicenter study of patients with advanced lung cancer, researchers developed a DL model that analyzes pathology slides to predict who is most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The model’s predictions were comparable to current clinical biomarkers, such as PD-L1, and improved when the two approaches were combined, highlighting that this model could help guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes (637)Rakaee M, et al. (2025) JAMA Oncol, 11: 109.."