"Women were included in the study if they had a diagnosis of GDM (based on the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence diagnosis criteria),6 and complete data from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) baseline and 120-minute glucose, and were managed using basal insulin. Women with pre-existing diabetes or who were later diagnosed with alternative forms of diabetes were excluded. The analysis data collection only focused on singleton pregnancies. Patients who did not adhere to the insulin titration protocol or who did not manage to record three consecutive fasting blood sugar demonstrating they have achieved target as defined above, we also excluded patients who had significant gaps in their insulin dosage records and could not reliably determine basal insulin levels at the time of target being achieved this via self-reported dose or healthcare professional notes on current dose. However, patients with partial missing data were retained where sufficient information was available to determine key outcomes, including time to achieve target fasting glucose and insulin dose requirements. This approach was taken to maximize use of clinically meaningful data while maintaining the validity and interpretability of outcome measures."