"Clinical variables collected comprised demographic characteristics (maternal age at conception, ethnicity, parity, and gravidity), clinical measurements (height, pre-pregnancy weight, and pre-pregnancy BMI), lifestyle factors (smoking and e-cigarette use), OGTT values (fasting and 120-minute glucose values), capillary glucose monitoring data (captured electronically from the patient’s glucometer), glucose treatment (use of metformin and type and dose of basal insulin), pregnancy outcomes (mode of delivery including vaginal delivery, instrument delivery, elective or emergency cesarean section), and neonatal outcomes (birth weight, admissions to neonatal intensive care unit (ITU) or special care baby unit (SCBU), live births, Apgar score at 5 and 10 min). Pre-pregnancy weight and BMI were chosen as patients’ predictors for the models as they were routinely collected at booking appointment before insulin titration, providing a standardize baselines for all participants."