Bifalgorithm post · Astronomy · 1.4). This mucus mixes with material received from the stomach, trapping food

How does the microbiome defend the body against invading pathogens?

How does the microbiome defend the body against invading pathogens? (Astronomy · 1.4). This mucus mixes with material received from the stomach, trapping food)…

Ideas in this flowchart

  • Resident microbiota and physical defenses protect the body from infection.
  • Resident microbiota provide an important first-line defense against invading pathogens.
  • Resident microbiota occupy cellular binding sites.
  • Resident microbiota compete with pathogens for available nutrients.
  • Occupied binding sites limit pathogen attachment.
  • Nutrient competition limits pathogen proliferation.
  • In the vagina, resident microbiota compete with opportunistic pathogens.
  • Candida is an example of an opportunistic pathogen.
  • Competition limits the nutrients available to Candida.
  • Limited nutrients inhibit Candida growth.
  • The Candida population is kept in check.
  • Similar competition occurs between microbiota and pathogens on the skin.
  • Similar competition occurs in the upper respiratory tract.
  • Similar competition occurs in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Resident microbiota also contribute to chemical defenses.
  • When normal microbiota are disrupted or eliminated, susceptibility to infectious disease increases.
  • Antibiotic treatment can significantly deplete gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Depletion gives pathogenic bacteria an advantage for colonization.
  • Pathogenic colonization can cause diarrheal infection.
  • Clostridium difficile infection can be severe and potentially lethal.
  • Fecal transplantation is a strategy for treating C. difficile infections.
  • The fecal material comes from a donor screened for potential pathogens.
  • Fecal material is transferred into the recipient patient's intestines.
  • The transplantation restores the normal microbiota.
  • Restored microbiota help combat C. difficile infections.
  • Physical defenses include cellular barriers, mechanical barriers, and the microbiome.
  • Cellular barriers deny pathogens entry into the body.
  • Skin acts as a cellular barrier.
  • Mucous membranes act as cellular barriers.
  • Endothelial cells act as cellular barriers.
  • Mechanical barriers remove pathogens from potential infection sites.
  • Shedding of skin cells removes pathogens.
  • Mucociliary sweeping removes pathogens.
  • Peristalsis removes pathogens.
  • Urine and tears flush pathogens away.
  • The microbiome is a physical defense that competes with pathogens.
  • Resident bacteria occur on the skin.
  • Resident bacteria occur in the upper respiratory tract.
  • Resident bacteria occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Resident bacteria occur in the genitourinary tract.
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How does the microbiome defend the body against invading pathogens?

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"In various regions of the body, resident microbiota serve as an important first-line defense against invading pathogens. Through their occupation of cellular binding sites and competition for available nutrients, the resident microbiota prevent the critical early steps of pathogen attachment and proliferation required for the establishment of an infection. For example, in the vagina, members of the resident microbiota compete with opportunistic pathogens like the yeast Candida. This competition prevents infections by limiting the availability of nutrients, thus inhibiting the growth of Candida and keeping its population in check. Similar competitions occur between the microbiota and potential pathogens on the skin, in the upper respiratory tract, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The resident microbiota also contribute to the chemical defenses of the innate nonspecific host defenses. The importance of the normal microbiota in host defenses is highlighted by the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases when the microbiota is disrupted or eliminated. Treatment with antibiotics can significantly deplete the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, providing an advantage for pathogenic bacteria to colonize and cause diarrheal infection. In the case of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, the infection can be severe and potentially lethal. One strategy for treating C. difficile infections is fecal transplantation, which involves the transfer of fecal material from a donor screened for potential pathogens into the intestines of the recipient patient as a method of restoring the normal microbiota and combating C. difficile infections. Physical defenses include cellular barriers such as skin, mucous membranes, and endothelial cells, which deny entry to pathogens; mechanical barriers such as shedding of skin cells, mucociliary sweeping, peristalsis, and the flushing action of urine and tears, which remove pathogens from potential sites of infection; and the microbiome, including resident bacteria of the skin, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, which compete with pathogens for cellular binding sites and nutrients."

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