"Bacterial cystitis is commonly caused by fecal bacteria such as E. coli. Pyelonephritis is a serious kidney infection that is often caused by bacteria that travel from infections elsewhere in the urinary tract. This disease may cause systemic complications. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection of the kidney that can be transmitted by exposure to infected animal urine, especially in contaminated water. It is more common in tropical climates rather than in temperate climates. Nongonococcal urethritis, or NGU, is commonly caused by C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and M. hominis. Diagnosis and treatment for bacterial urinary tract infections varies. Urinalysis, including leukocyte esterase levels, nitrite levels, microscopic evaluation, and culture of urine, is an important component in most cases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are typically used. Cystitis is associated with Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and other organisms. It causes dysuria, pyuria, hematuria, and bladder pain and is most common in females due to the shorter urethra and abundant normal vaginal microbiota. It is generally nontransmissible; opportunistic infections occur when fecal bacteria are introduced to the urinary tract or when normal urination or immune function is impaired. Urine dipstick testing and urine culture for confirmation may be used. Antimicrobial drugs include fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporins, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira species and can cause fever, headache, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and muscular pain. In disseminated infections, it may cause jaundice, pulmonary hemorrhaging, or meningitis. Transmission occurs from animals to humans through contact with urine or body fluids. Diagnostic tests include PCR, ELISA, slide agglutination, and indirect immunofluorescence. Antimicrobial drugs include doxycycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. Nongonococcal urethritis is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. It may be mild or asymptomatic, or it may cause purulent discharge and dysuria. It is transmitted sexually or from a pregnant person to a neonate during birth. Diagnostic tests include urethral swabs, urine culture, PCR, and NAAT. Antimicrobial drugs include azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones. Pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis may be caused by E. coli, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Streptococcus pyogenes, and other organisms. Symptoms include back pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine. Possible complications include scarring of the kidneys and impaired kidney function; severe infections may lead to sepsis and death. These infections are nontransmissible and may spread to the kidneys from the urinary tract or through the bloodstream. Diagnostic methods include urinalysis, urine culture, and radioimaging of the kidneys. Antimicrobial drugs include penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and others."