Bifalgorithm post · Brisk · Chapter 1

Why can sets of sets lead to Russell’s Paradox?

Why can sets of sets lead to Russell’s Paradox? (Brisk · Chapter 1) — "Sets are heterogeneous — a single set can contain four universities, seven integers, and…

Ideas in this flowchart

  • Sets can contain very different objects, including other sets, but unrestricted self-reference creates paradoxes.
  • A single set may contain four universities, seven integers, and an ahi tuna.
  • Sets can also contain other sets.
  • Thinking about unrestricted sets of sets can quickly lead to serious logical problems.
  • In 1901, Bertrand Russell showed that this idea can produce unresolvable contradictions without constraints.
  • Russell considered R, the set of all sets that do not contain themselves as members.
  • Is R a member of itself?
  • If R is a member of itself, it violates the definition of R.
  • If R is not a member of itself, it satisfies the definition and must be a member of R.
  • Avoiding self-referential membership makes working with sets comparatively safe.
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Why can sets of sets lead to Russell’s Paradox?

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Brisk

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"Sets are heterogeneous — a single set can contain four universities, seven integers, and an ahi tuna — and so it might occur to you that they can contain other sets as well. This is indeed true, but let me issue a stern warning: you can get in deep water very quickly when you start thinking about “sets of sets.” In 1901, in fact, the philosopher Bertrand Russell pointed out that this idea can lead to unresolvable contradictions unless you put some constraints on it. What became known as “Russell’s Paradox” famously goes as follows: consider the set R of all sets that do not have themselves as members. Now is R a member of itself, or isn’t it? Either way you answer turns out to be wrong (try it!) which means that this whole setup must be flawed at some level. The good news is that as long as you don’t deal with this kind of self-referential loop (“containing yourself as a member”) then it’s pretty safe to try at home."

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