How do managers plan, monitor, and improve organizational performance?

"Contingency plans: Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, and communication channels the organization will use during an emergency. Controlling: The process of assessing the organization’s progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan and correcting deviations from the plan. Empowerment: The process of giving employees increased autonomy and discretion to make decisions, as well as control over the resources needed to implement those decisions. Effectiveness: The ability to produce the desired result or good. Efficiency: Using the least amount of resources to accomplish the organization’s goals."