Concept
Phyllosilicates Develop
Introduction to Soil Science / Phyllosilicate Colloids and their Surface Chemistry
"Permanent charge develops through isomorphous substitution, in which a similarly sized cation with a lower positive charge replaces another cation within the crystal structure. Because these substitutions occur inside the mineral, the resulting charge does not change with pH and is generally negative. Broken crystal edges create pH-dependent charge because exposed oxygen groups can interact with hydrogen ions in solution."
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